A Research Framework on Poor Driving Behavior and Regulation in Complex Geometric Sections of the Extra-long Urban Underwater Tunnels

Urban submerged extra-long tunnels typically exhibit three key characteristics: densely clustered ramp entrances and exits, complex and variable alignment profiles, and abrupt lighting transitions. Drivers' real-time cognitive load and driving task increase rapidly. They also create significant conflicts with the inertia of driving behavior in long-distance tunnel. Such conflicts easily induce poor driving behaviors, including speeding, insufficient following distance, and lane deviation. This further heightens accident risks. Based on a systematic review of existing studies on the complex environmental characteristics, driving behavior patterns, and regulatory methods of urban submerged extra-long tunnels, a clear logical chain is established: urban submerged extra-long tunnels—complex geometry and abrupt lighting transitions—escalating driving demands and behavioral inertia—poor driving behaviors— constancy regulation. The paper proposes rational zoning for critical zones, such as tunnel entrances, continuous gradient-change zones, and ramp exits. It analyzes the conflicts between shifting driving demands and behavioral inertia in these zones. Based on this analysis, the study constructs a research framework for investigating and regulating undesirable driving behaviors in urban submerged extra-long tunnels. The research puts forward an optimization approach for tunnel visual reference system. This approach involves enhancing visual reference system in complex alignment zones and moderating environmental changes in transition zones. It can be achieved through a constancy-based visual guidance system. The system features four core attributes: facility constancy, overall priority, redundancy, and long-range rhythmicity. Existing practice demonstrates that this constancy-based visual guidance system aligns with drivers' psychological expectations. It effectively decomposes driving tasks and improves safety in critical zones, such as tunnel entrances, continuous gradient-change zones, and ramp exits. Additionally, the system helps regulate undesirable driving behaviors on complex curved sections of urban submerged extra-long tunnels. Ultimately, it achieves a harmonious balance between tunnel's lighting energy saving and safe, comfortable driving conditions.