An Analysis and Prediction Model of Aircraft Landing States on Wet Runways with Crosswind Based on Taxiing Dynamics Model
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摘要: 针对航空运输安全领域飞机冲偏出跑道事故频发问题,进行了飞机着陆滑跑状态影响因素量化分析,建立了冲偏出跑道预测模型。基于Simulink软件以空客A320-214机型为研究对象,新增发动机推力动态模块,构建了包含驾驶员、飞机机体、侧风与湿滑道面的飞机着陆滑跑人-机-环境耦合动力学模型,进行飞机着陆滑跑状态人机闭环仿真,获得3 191组仿真数据。采用多元线性回归分析方法量化分析水膜厚度、驾驶员反应速度、着陆接地时刻地速等影响因素对飞机冲偏出跑道的影响,分析反推不平衡度影响偏出距离的影响机制,建立多元线性回归飞机着陆滑跑预测模型。得到以下结论:飞机在着陆滑跑时,着陆接地时刻地速对滑跑距离的影响要比对偏出距离影响更大,而水膜厚度、摩阻不平衡度以及侧风风速等环境因素更容易导致飞机偏出跑道;其中,摩阻不平衡度对偏航方向的影响最为突出,其影响程度达到反推不平衡度的14.5倍,而反推不平衡度的影响居于第2位;当反推不平衡度达到0.4时,偏出距离已逼近安全阈值,具有实质偏出风险;多元线性回归滑跑距离预测模型的决定系数(R2)为0.88、平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE)为48.32 m、平均绝对百分比误差(mean absolute percentage error,MAPE)为7.75%,对实际案例的预测偏差均在5%以内,体现出该模型对飞机着陆滑跑距离预测具有较为优越的准确性。Abstract: To address the frequent occurrence of runway excursion accidents in aviation safety, this study conducts a quantitative analysis of the factors influencing aircraft landing taxiing states and establishes a corresponding prediction model. A human-aircraft-environment coupled dynamics model for aircraft landing taxiing is developed in Simulink, focusing on the Airbus A320-214. This model incorporates a dynamic engine thrust module and integrates pilot operations, aircraft dynamics, crosswind, and wet runway surface conditions. Closed-loop simulations yield 3, 191 sets of data for analysis. The influence of various factors, such as water film thickness, pilot reaction speed, and touchdown ground speed, on runway excursions is quantified using multiple linear regression. The mechanism of thrust reverser imbalance affecting deviation distance is analyzed, leading to the establishment of predictive models for landing taxiing distance and deviation distance. The findings indicate that during landing taxiing, touchdown ground speed has a greater impact on taxiing distance than on deviation distance. Environmental factors like water film thickness, friction imbalance, and crosswind velocity are more likely to cause runway deviations. Among these, friction imbalance has the most pronounced effect on yaw direction, exceeding the impact of thrust reverser imbalance by a factor of 14.5, which ranks as the second most influential factor. Under specified conditions, a thrust reverser imbalance exceeding 0.4 pushes the deviation distance close to the safety threshold, representing a substantial risk. The multiple linear regression model for taxiing distance prediction demonstrates a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.88, a mean absolute error (MAE) of 48.32 m, and a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 7.75%. Prediction deviations for actual cases remain within 5%, indicating superior accuracy of the model for predicting aircraft landing taxiing distance.
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Key words:
- aviation safety /
- wet runway pavement /
- crosswind /
- landing distance /
- offset distance
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表 1 PID控制参数
Table 1. PID control parameters
通道 KP KI KD 滚转 1.39 1.27 0.48 俯仰 7.64 9.38 1.86 偏航 -4.28 -6.44 2.15 表 2 发动机剩余推力参数
Table 2. Parameters of engine residual thrust
参数 取值×10-3 k1 259 k2 0.22 k3 993.6 k4 2.87 k5 1.44 k6 1.8 表 3 模型减速收益
Table 3. Revenue statement of model deceleration
速度/(m/s) 滑跑距离/m 收益kS/% 滑跑时间/s 收益kT/% 有反推 无反推 有反推 无反推 66.9 563.9 663.4 85.0 9.63 11.2 86.0 70.0 585.8 697.5 84.0 10.54 12.4 85.0 72.0 612.5 729.2 84.0 11.2 13.2 85.0 75.0 651.7 766.7 85.0 12.6 14.6 86.0 表 4 滑跑速度与距离的验证结果
Table 4. Verification results of running speed and distance
案例 项目 实际值 预测值 时刻1 时刻2 时刻3 滑跑速度/( m/s) 55.1 55.1 53.50 52.22 偏出距离/m 15.0 12.4 13.8 15.0 新加坡樟宜机场 滑跑距离/m 840.0 821.4 840.0 857.3 滑跑速度误差/% 0.0 2.7 5.1 偏出距离误差/% 17.3 8.0 0.0 滑跑距离误差/% 2.3 0.0 2.0 偏出距离/m 33.0 32.4 35.7 36.5 德国汉诺威机场 滑跑距离/m 572.0 557.4 570.4 597.6 偏出距离误差/% 1.8 8.2 10.6 滑跑距离误差/% 2.6 0.2 4.5 滑跑速度/( m/s) 62.3 63.0 61.9 60.7 偏出距离/m 33.5 30.9 32.4 33.0 巴西若宾机场 滑跑距离/m 916.0 889.3 930.5 978.4 滑跑速度误差/% 1.2 0.5 2.6 偏出距离误差/% 7.8 3.3 1.5 滑跑距离误差/% 2.9 1.6 6.8 表 5 飞机动力学模型的着陆滑跑工况
Table 5. Landing runway condition table for aircraft dynamics model
序号 着陆重量/kg 着陆接地时刻地速/(m/s) 发动机反推档位 驾驶员反应速度 1 55 000 60 3-3 正常 2 55 000 65 3-4 较迟缓 3 55 000 70 3-5 迟缓 4 55 000 75 5-3 正常 5 55 000 80 4-4 较迟缓 6 57 000 60 4-5 迟缓 7 57 000 65 4-3 正常 8 57 000 70 5-4 较迟缓 9 57 000 75 5-5 迟缓 10 57 000 80 3-2 正常 11 60 000 60 3-1 较迟缓 12 60 000 65 4-2 迟缓 13 60 000 70 4-1 正常 14 60 000 75 5-2 较迟缓 15 60 000 80 5-1 迟缓 16 62 000 60 2-3 正常 17 62 000 65 2-4 较迟缓 18 62 000 70 2-5 迟缓 19 62 000 75 1-3 正常 20 62 000 80 1-4 较迟缓 21 64 500 60 1-5 迟缓 22 64 500 65 3-3 正常 23 64 500 70 4-4 较迟缓 24 64 500 75 5-5 迟缓 25 64 500 80 5-5 较迟缓 表 6 各变量的峰度与偏度
Table 6. Kurtosis and skewness of each variable
偏度检验统计量 滑跑距离y1 偏出距离y2 偏度 1.244 -0.476 偏度标准误差 0.043 0.043 峰度 1.773 5.547 峰度标准误差 0.087 0.087 表 7 柯尔莫哥洛夫·斯米诺夫检验检验结果
Table 7. Kolmogorov Sminov test results
K-S统计量 滑跑距离Y1 偏出距离Y2 自由度 3 191 3 191 显著性 0.057 0.72 表 8 多元回归模型成立的关键参数
Table 8. Key parameters for the establishment of multiple regression models
项目 R2 /% 德宾·沃森值 回归模型显著性 滑跑距离 93.1 1.722 < 10-4 偏出距离 61.0 1.148 < 10-4 表 9 多元回归模型的共线性诊断结果
Table 9. Collinear diagnostic results of multiple regression models
项目 VIF 水膜厚度 1.81 摩阻不平衡度 1.81 侧风风速 1.0 着陆接地时刻地速 1.1 着陆重量 1.0 反推力 5.3 反推不平衡度 4.2 驾驶员反应速度 2.1 表 10 多元回归模型标准化系数
Table 10. Normalization coefficients for multiple regression models
影响因素 滑跑距离 偏出距离 标准化系数B1 显著性 标准化系数B2 显著性 (常量) < 0.001 < 0.001 水膜厚度 0.497 < 0.001 0.534 < 0.001 摩阻不平衡度 0.258 < 0.001 0.409 < 0.001 侧风风速 0.081 < 0.001 0.251 < 0.001 着陆接地时刻地速 0.913 < 0.001 0.663 < 0.001 着陆重量 0.033 < 0.001 0.027 0.018 反推力 -0.016 0.035 0.005 0.008 反推不平衡度 -0.004 0.070 0.013 0.005 驾驶员反应速度 0.002 0.008 -0.085 < 0.001 表 11 飞机滑跑方向回归模型参数表
Table 11. Regression model of aircraft taxiing
影响因素 非标准化系数 显著性 OR值 水膜厚度 -0.311 < 0.001 0.732 摩阻不平衡度 3.384 < 0.001 29.478 侧风风速 -0.281 < 0.001 0.755 着陆接地时刻地速 -0.054 < 0.001 0.948 着陆重量 0.051 < 0.001 1.000 反推力 -3.774 < 0.001 0.023 反推不平衡度 0.717 < 0.001 2.048 驾驶员反应速度 -2.183 < 0.001 0.113 表 12 飞机着陆滑跑距离与偏出距离非标准化系数
Table 12. Non-normalization coefficient of landing run distance and deflection distance
影响因素 滑跑距离非标准化系数 偏出距离非标准化系数 (常量) -0.837 -7.271 水膜厚度 x1 0.008 0.166 摩阻不平衡度 x2 0.015 0.453 侧风风速 x3 0.001 0.059 着陆接地时刻地速 x4 0.008 0.111 着陆重量 x5 5.44 × 10-7 8.60 × 10-6 反推力 x6 -4.31 × 10-6 0.002 反推不平衡度 x7 -9.41 × 10-5 0.007 驾驶员反应速度 x8 0.021 -0.115 表 13 指标对比
Table 13. Comparison of indicators
项目 R2 MAE/m MAPE/% 滑跑距离模型 0.88 48.32 7.75 偏出距离模型 0.61 7.54 33.23 表 14 冲偏出跑道事件参数表
Table 14. Parameters of runway deflection events
项目 LY-NVL飞机冲偏出跑道事件 P4-KBB飞机冲偏出跑道事件 水膜厚度/mm 3 10 摩阻不平衡度 1 1 侧风风速/(m/s) 5.6 25.2 着陆接地时刻地速/(m/s) 80.3 70.0 飞机重量/t 57 55 反推力 5(最大档位) 5(最大档位) 反推不平衡度 1 1 驾驶员反应速度 0(正常) 0(正常) 滑跑距离实际值/m 790.0 650.0 滑跑距离预测值/m 759.1 676.4 滑跑距离偏差率/% 4.0 4.1 偏出距离实际值/m 45.0 52.5 偏出距离预测值/m 15.6 38.2 偏出距离偏差率/% 65.3 27.2 -
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