Research Progress and Trends of Integrated Passenger–Freight Transportation in Urban Rail Transit
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摘要: 为系统梳理城市轨道交通客货共运的研究进展, 分析其研究热点、实践特征和现存问题, 基于2003年1月—2026年5月从中国知网(China national knowledge Infrastructure, CNKI)、万方和Web of Science数据库检索获得的141篇文献, 采用文献统计分析、关键词共现分析和内容归纳相结合的方法, 结合国内外典型实践案例开展对比分析。研究结果表明: 城市轨道交通客货共运研究自2018年起增长较快, 研究对象以地铁系统为主, 研究热点集中于网络选址布局与路径优化、系统运营调度, 前者已由站点选址或运输路径的单独优化拓展至选址-分配-路径联合决策, 后者则由既定客运时刻表下的运能分配拓展至编组、时刻表与货流分配协同优化; 现有研究以运筹学方法为主, 仿真主要用于参数测算与方案检验, 机器学习方法主要用于需求处理与辅助评价。现有研究存在的问题包括: ①货运需求缺乏实证校准, 作业能力与规划调度决策之间的关联分析不足; ②扰动下的任务调整与机器学习辅助求解研究不足; ③设施装备缺少实际工况验证, 专项安全标准未形成, 多主体协同与多式联运衔接机制不完善。实践模式由早期专用系统转向既有线路复用, 中国近期试点多采用单线捎带运输或客货共载, 持续运行主要受稳定货源、运营经济性、安全边界和政策支持条件制约。未来研究主要集中在基于实证需求并考虑作业能力的网络规划, 扰动下的货运任务动态调度与智能求解、货物准入、运输安全、设施改造标准完善, 轨道运输与地面、低空配送衔接和多主体协同治理等方面。Abstract: To systematically review the research progress in integrated passenger-freight transportation in urban rail transit, 141 publications were used as the sample. The publications were retrieved from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data, and Web of Science between January 2003 and May 2026. Statistical analysis of the literature, keyword co-occurrence analysis, and content synthesis were combined. Research hotspots, practical characteristics, and existing problems were identified, together with a comparative analysis of representative practices in China and abroad. Research results show that research in this field has grown rapidly since 2018, with metro systems as the main research object. Research hotspots center on network facility location and routing optimization and system operation scheduling. The former has expanded from separate facility location or routing optimization to integrated location-allocation-routing decisions. The latter has expanded from capacity allocation under a fixed passenger timetable to coordinated optimization of train formation, timetabling, and freight-flow allocation. Operations research methods remain dominant. Simulation is mainly used for parameter es-timation and plan validation. Machine learning has seen limited application and is used primarily for demand processing and auxiliary assessment. Current research has several limitations. Freight demand lacks empirical calibration, and the relationships between operational capacity and planning and scheduling decisions have not been adequately examined. Task adjustment under disruptions and machine-learning-assisted solution methods remain underexplored. Facilities and equipment lack validation under actual operating conditions. Safety standards specific to integrated passenger-freight transportation have yet to be established. Mechanisms for multi-actor coordination and intermodal connections remain incomplete. Operating practices have gradually shifted from early dedicated systems to the reuse of existing lines. Recent pilot projects in China mainly employ single-line freight hitching services or shared passenger-freight carriage modes. Their sustained operation depends primarily on stable freight demand, economic viability, safety boundaries, and policy support. Future research should focus on network planning based on empirically calibrated demand and accounting for operational capacity. Dynamic scheduling of freight tasks and intelligent solution methods under disruptions should be developed. Standards for cargo admission, transport safety, and facility retrofitting should be improved. Integration of rail transport with ground and low-altitude delivery and multi-actor collaborative governance should be strengthened.
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图 5 城市轨道交通客货共运中文核心关键词叠加可视化图
Figure 5. Overlay visualization of keywords from Chinese core literature on urban rail transit passenger-freight integrated transportation
图 6 城市轨道交通客货共运英文核心关键词叠加可视化图
Figure 6. Overlay visualization of keywords from English core literature on urban rail transit passenger-freight integrated transportation
图 7 城市轨道交通客货共运流程
Figure 7. Passenger-freight integrated transportation process of urban rail transit
图 8 城市轨道交通货运系统选址
Figure 8. Location-routing problem of urban rail transit freight transportation system
图 10 城市轨道交通客货共运未来研究框架
Figure 10. Future research framework for integrated passenger-freight transportation in urban rail transit
表 1 代表性高被引论文研究主题分布
Table 1. Distribution of research themes in representative highly cited papers
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表 2 国内外不同轨道交通制式货运技术路径对比
Table 2. Comparative analysis of freight technical pathways for different rail transit systems in China and abroad
对比维度 地铁 轻轨/有轨电车 市域/市郊铁路 运输组织模式 客货共载与货运专列: 利用既有客运车厢或非高峰时段开行货运专列 货运专列: 采用专用低底盘货车定线定时运行 共线拖挂: 利用行李车厢或加挂货车开展运输 装卸设施技术 垂直衔接: 依托站内垂直电梯与AGV协同作业, 受站台门限界约束 水平衔接: 设计低底盘车辆与地面物流车辆平层对接 仓储集散: 依托既有站场货运节点, 采用集装箱/托盘转运 运载工具改造 模块化改造: 拆除部分座椅、扶手, 加装货运笼车固定装置, 加宽车门 专用化改造: 开发多门、大容积专用货车 改造既有客车行李箱位 调度逻辑差异 时间窗口约束强, 依赖客运间隙组织运输 路权相对独立, 调度需与社会交通协同 需与区域铁路时刻表协调, 优化周转路径 应用阶段与特征 中国以快件配送试点为主; 国外覆盖专用系统等多种货运形式, 但规模化应用有限 中国处于起步阶段; 国外已开展汽车零件、废弃物等固定线路运输 中国部分城市开展货运; 国外部分区域铁路有成熟的长距离包裹运输服务
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表 3 城市轨道交通客货共运货物准入建议清单
Table 3. Recommended list of eligible cargo for integrated passenger–freight transport in urban rail transit
货物类型 典型货物 准入建议 准入条件 文件与出版物 商务文件、航空文件、报纸、期刊 优先适运 内容可核验, 封装完整; 集运后的重量和尺寸适配装载设备 普通常温轻小件 服装、文具等非危险性包裹 优先适运 排除禁限运内件; 便于集装、固定和快速装卸 需温控的生鲜食品 需冷藏的乳制品、果蔬等 条件适运 满足全程温控与配送时限要求; 防渗漏、防污染; 温控设备符合安全要求 医药物资 非危险性药品、常规医疗耗材 条件适运 核查具体品种及质量保障要求; 按需配置温控与交接措施 批量商贸及工业货物 成批非易腐商品、中小型机械零部件 条件适运 结合轨道制式、批量与设施专项论证; 需要时配置专用车厢或货运专列
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表 4 站点改造技术导则要点
Table 4. Key points of technical guidelines for station retrofitting
设计要素 适用条件 改造措施 校核要求 站厅物流作业区 仅整箱转运 设置货物暂存和交接区 功能区、设备和通道在可用空间内布置; 暂存容量满足最大同时暂存量要求, 各作业环节在计划作业时段内完成相应处理量 兼具分拣配送功能 增设拆装箱、分拣及仓储区 站内转运设施 仅承担货物进出站转运 连通地面接驳点、站厅与站台, 配置水平搬运与垂直提升设施 通道净空、转弯空间及提升设施尺寸、载荷满足通行与承载要求; 按实际路径与升降次数核算, 计划作业时段内完成的转运量不低于计划转运量 兼具线路间货物转运功能 增设线路间转运路径 站台装卸作业区 客货共用站台; 采用独立货运站台 按货运车厢停靠位置设置装卸区及邻近的待装、卸货暂存区, 与客流区域分隔; 协调搬运设备与车门、站台门的动作时序 装卸区与车门位置对应, 设备运行与货物暂存空间满足作业要求; 装卸作业总时间不超过可用停站作业时间
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表 5 网络选址布局与路径优化方法比较
Table 5. Comparison of methods for network location layout and path optimization
方法 主要作用 适用条件 方法边界 运筹学 优化站点配置、货流分配和运输路径[1, 5, 35] 目标与约束可明确表达; 需求、成本和运能参数可合理描述 结论受模型假设限制; 精确求解受规模与结构限制; 启发式算法通常不保证全局最优 仿真 提供换乘与出站时间参数[26]; 通过蒙特卡罗抽样评价配送时效[37] 运行规则明确、参数可合理设定; 随机评价误差可控制 结果依赖运行逻辑与参数; 不能单独证明方案最优 机器学习 利用随机森林预测配送时间, 替代部分仿真评价[37] 训练样本具有代表性; 设有误差检验、仿真复核和模型更新机制 误差可能改变方案排序; 跨场景应用需验证; 预测不能替代约束检查
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表 7 国内外利用城市轨道交通开展货运案例
Table 7. Domestic and foreign cases of freight transportation based on urban rail transit
现状 项目 年份 轨道制式 运输组织模式 货物品类 主要原因或运行条件 关键启示 停运 英国伦敦地下邮政铁路 1927 专用地下邮政铁路 客货分线 邮件 特定业务需求转移或货源变化; 运营成本较高; 财政支持不足, 商业模式稳定性有限 项目长期运行需要稳定货源、合理成本分担和政策支持; 专用系统对特定业务依赖较强, 适应需求变化的能力有限 德国德累斯顿CarGo Tram货运有轨电车 2000 有轨电车 货运专列 汽车零部件 奥地利维也纳GüterBim货运有轨电车 2005 有轨电车 货运专列 建材、日用品等 荷兰阿姆斯特丹的City Cargo货运有轨电车 2007 有轨电车 货运专列 日用品、食品等 运营 法国巴黎Monoprix铁路货运项目 2007 市郊铁路 货运专列 非易腐商品 依托稳定的商业配送、废弃物回收或快递运输需求, 并与既有轨道运能及末端配送体系衔接; 部分项目形成地面或低空接驳 稳定运输需求和完整的集疏运链条是持续运行的重要基础; 快递、文件等轻小件适合作为初期货源, 网络化拓展还需完善安全边界和跨方式衔接机制 瑞士苏黎世Cargo Tram货运有轨电车 2003 有轨电车 货运专列 大件废弃物 韩国首尔地铁包裹/无人宅配服务(CJ相关) 2017 地铁 客货共载 电商包裹、小型商业配送等 北京地铁4号线及9号线-房山线-燕房线运快递 2023 地铁 捎带运输 顺丰同城快件、报纸报刊 深圳地铁11号线-空铁轨联运示范线 2023 地铁 客货共载 电商快递 浙江金华金轨小时达 2023 市域轨道交通 客货共载 同城快递 青岛地铁8号线轨道物流“地空联运” 2025 地铁 客货共载 顺丰快递 试点或规划 法国巴黎Tram Fret电车货运系统(规划) 2017 有轨电车 客货共载 日用品、食品和电子产品 多面向单线或特定场景, 规模和持续时间有限, 长期货源、运营经济性及跨方式协同效果尚待验证 转入常态化运行前, 需验证需求规模、装卸与暂存能力、客运影响及安全要求, 并完善地面、低空配送衔接和多主体协同机制 上海地铁1号线、2号线运快递 2023 地铁 捎带运输 同城文件类快递 北京大兴机场线“地铁运快递” 2024 地铁 客货共载 航空文件类快递 广西南宁地铁4号线轨道物流试点 2025 地铁 客货共载 文件、电商小件和日用品等非易燃易爆物品
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