A Study on Public Acceptance of Urban Air Traffic Based on Extended TAM Theory
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摘要: 城市空中交通作为低空经济的核心领域,已成为目前交通领域的前沿技术焦点与研究热点。针对公众对城市空中交通态度尚未明晰以及关键影响因素亟待证实等问题,为保障低空载人交通等场景在城市中的规模化应用,需要进一步优化接受度模型以提高对公众接受度分析的精确性;通过分析现有技术接受模型(technology acceptance model,TAM)在情景适应和解释力上的不足,研究提出基于拓展TAM理论的城市空中交通公众接受度研究模型。在传统TAM模型基础上,充分考虑我国特有的面子文化和政府政策导向等因素对公众接受度的影响,通过加入技术刺激、治理期望等作为拓展变量,解决了传统模型在低空领域适应场景局限和关键变量不足的问题;利用结构方程模型,开展问卷调查精细化分析了感知有用性,治理期望,技术刺激等多因素对公众接受度的影响及各因素间的结构关系。研究结果发现:技术刺激、感知易用性、态度、信任和治理期望对公众的接受意愿有不同程度的显著正向影响,其中技术刺激(β =0.29, p < 0.001)和态度(β =0.29, p < 0.001)的直接影响最为显著;感知易用性在感知有用性对态度有中介作用,态度对影响公众的接受意愿效果显著。而感知风险对公众的接受意愿有负面作用;同时,信任与感知有用性以及感知有用性与感知易用性之间也存在显著的影响关系。本文模型在低空领域具有更高的模型匹配度和更高的解释效率,为精准预测公众对城市空中交通的采纳行为提供了可靠分析工具。Abstract: Urban air mobility, as a core domain of the low-altitude economy, has become a cutting-edge technological focus and research hotspot in the transportation field. Addressing issues such as the unclear public attitudes toward urban air mobility and the urgent need to verify key influencing factors, this study aims to ensure the large-scale application of low-altitude passenger transportation and other scenarios in urban areas by further optimizing acceptance models to enhance the precision of public acceptance analysis. By examining the limitations of the existing technology acceptance model (TAM) in terms of contextual adaptability and explanatory power, a research model for public acceptance of urban air mobility based on an extended TAM framework is proposed. Building on the traditional TAM, the model fully incorporates the influence of factors unique to China, such as face culture and government policy orientation, on public acceptance. By introducing extended variables like technology stimulation and governance expectations, it addresses the limitations of the traditional model in adapting to low-altitude scenarios and the lack of key variables. Combined with structural equation modeling, a questionnaire survey is conducted to meticulously analyze the impact of perceived usefulness, governance expectations, technology stimulation, and other factors on public acceptance, as well as the structural relationships among these factors. The findings reveal that technology stimulation, perceived ease of use, attitude, trust, and governance expectations exert significant positive effects on public acceptance intention to varying degrees. Among these, technology stimulation (β =0.29, p < 0.001) and attitude (β =0.29, p < 0.001) have the most pronounced direct impacts. Perceived ease of use mediates the relationship between perceived usefulness and attitude, while attitude significantly influences public acceptance intention. Conversely, perceived risk negatively affects public acceptance intention. Additionally, significant relationships exist between trust and perceived usefulness, as well as between perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. The proposed model demonstrates higher model fit and greater explanatory efficiency in the low-altitude domain, providing a reliable analytical tool for precisely predicting public adoption behavior toward urban air mobility.
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表 1 城市空中交通接受度调查研究量表
Table 1. Urban air traffic acceptance survey research scale
变量 城市空中交通接受度调查研究问卷 来源 感知有用性 Q10-1:您认为城市空中交通的发展可能改善高峰期地面交通繁忙的情况,降低地面交通的压力
Q10-2:您认为使用城市低空无人驾驶航空器进行城市物流配送可以提升配送效率
Q10-3:城市空中交通有利于培育创新型高端制造业和新兴业态,增强社会发展活力
Q10-4:您认为如果城市低空无人驾驶航空器采用清洁能源作为动力,对减少环境污染有重要作用
Q10-5:您认为城市空中交通的发展将提供大量就业岗位,拉动相关产业的发展,促进经济增长孙龄波等[23] 感知易用性 Q11-1:通过路边搭乘、站台换乘等方式,使用城市空中交通服务对您而言比较简单
Q11-2:通过智能设备使用城市空中交通服务对您而言没有困难
Q11-3:您能够快速理解城市空中交通系统提示的信息
Q11-4:您希望与城市空中交通服务的互动界面清晰、易于理解、易于操作Aleksandar等[27] 信任度 Q12-1:您对于城市空中交通服务的推广和普及是有信心和向往的
Q12-2:您相信城市空中交通服务可以顺利的满足您的快递、通勤、旅游等需求李继朴等[25] 态度 Q13:您认为城市空中交通对城市未来发展的利弊关系
Q14:如果城市空中交通服务要求用户了解出行服务流程及安全要求,您的评价是
Q15:如果城市空中交通服务高度参与您的生活(物流或公共交通运输),您的感受是汪帆等[28] 行为意图 Q16-1:您支持城市低空无人驾驶航空器投入商用
Q16-2:当城市低空无人驾驶航空器正式商用后,您会使用它
Q16-3:您会推荐您的亲朋好友使用城市低空无人驾驶航空器
Q16-4:当政府或企业设置足够多的交通服务点时,您会增加使用空中交通的意愿
Q16-5:政府出台城市空中交通相关激励政策会增强您的使用意愿刘永等[29];刘志伟等[22] 技术刺激 Q17-1:乘坐城市低空无人驾驶航空器能够彰显我的个性
Q17-2:选择城市低空无人驾驶航空器出行,会让您觉得紧跟潮流
Q17-3:乘坐城市低空无人驾驶航空器能够塑造我的形象
Q17-4:我会出于对新技术的好奇尝试新技术王璐等[10] 治理期望 Q18-1:您认为城市空中交通服务必须通过技术及安全检验
Q18-2:您不担心城市空中交通可能造成噪音污染
Q18-3:当政府或企业设置足够多的交通服务点时,您会增加使用空中交通的意愿
Q18-4:政府出台城市空中交通相关激励政策会增强您的使用意愿
Q18-5:您希望城市空中交通服务的互动界面清晰、易于理解、易于操作李继朴等[25];汪帆等[28] 感知风险 Q20-1:您担心城市低空无人驾驶航空器携带的摄像头可能会窥视您的隐私
Q20-2:您担心城市空中交通出现设备或系统故障,给您造成财产等损失甚至威胁人身安全
Q20-3:您担心城市空中交通服务发生意外时,法律责任的划分问题
Q20-4:您担心城市低空无人驾驶航空器无法应对如暴雪、雷雨、大风等恶劣天气,安全性受到影响
Q20-5:操作员应该能够在紧急情况下超越系统并远程控制UAM的飞行器以保证安全景鹏等[30],李继朴等[25] 表 2 KMO和Bartlett检验
Table 2. KMO and Bartlett tests
检验方法 值 KMO检验 0.946 近似卡方 18 359.1 Bartleet的球形度检验 df 780 Sig. 0.000 表 3 量表各变量信度检验结果
Table 3. Reliability test results of each variable in the scale
变量 测量指标 校正的项总计相关性 项已删除的Cronbach’ s α系数 分量表的Cronbach’s α系数 感知有用性 PU1 0.789 0.880 0.906 PU2 0.754 0.888 PU3 0.806 0.878 PU4 0.792 0.880 PU5 0.693 0.902 感知易用性 PEOU1 0.645 0.849 0.861 PEOU2 0.757 0.802 PEOU3 0.792 0.787 PEOU4 0.645 0.847 信任 TR1 0.790 0.882 TR2 0.790 态度 ATT1 0.502 0.648 0.709 ATT2 0.507 0.654 ATT3 0.587 0.558 行为意图 BI1 0.759 0.912 0.918 BI2 0.838 0.886 BI3 0.845 0.883 BI4 0.812 0.894 技术刺激 TS1 0.910 0.917 0.953 TS2 0.893 0.931 TS3 0.887 0.935 治理期望 GE1 0.785 0.847 0.889 GE2 0.650 0.899 GE3 0.778 0.849 GE4 0.826 0.833 感知风险 PR1 0.782 0.967 0.960 PR2 0.930 0.944 PR3 0.906 0.948 PR4 0.926 0.944 PR5 0.900 0.949 表 4 测试模型的收敛效度
Table 4. Test the convergent validity of the model
变量 测量指标 FL CR AVE 感知有用性 PU1 0.850 0.908 0.663 PU2 0.797 PU3 0.855 PU4 0.824 PU5 0.741 感知易用性 PEOU1 0.792 0.862 0.611 PEOU2 0.748 PEOU3 0.786 PEOU4 0.799 信任 TR1 0.888 0.873 0.775 TR2 0.873 态度 ATT1 0.602 0.736 0.491 ATT2 0.592 ATT3 0.871 行为意图 BI1 0.828 0.922 0.746 BI2 0.864 BI3 0.883 BI4 0.879 技术刺激 TS1 0.947 0.951 0.866 TS2 0.928 TS3 0.916 治理期望 GE1 0.841 0.891 0.674 GE2 0.673 GE3 0.845 GE4 0.906 感知风险 PR1 0.796 0.962 0.837 PR2 0.945 PR3 0.937 PR4 0.960 PR5 0.928 表 5 测试模型的区别效度
Table 5. Differential validity of the test model
影响因素 AVE 治理期望 信任 技术刺激 感知风险 感知易用性 感知有用性 态度 行为意图 治理期望 0.674 0.821 信任 0.775 0.388 0.880 技术刺激 0.866 0.198 0.558 0.931 感知风险 0.837 0.000 0.000 0.015 0.915 感知易用性 0.611 0.304 0.784 0.437 0.000 0.782 感知有用性 0.663 0.329 0.846 0.472 -0.094 0.741 0.814 态度 0.491 0.231 0.593 0.331 -0.043 0.603 0.652 0.701 行为意图 0.746 0.464 0.750 0.614 -0.013 0.683 0.690 0.655 0.864 表 6 模型拟合系数表
Table 6. Model fitting coefficient table
常用指标 判断标准 值 x2/df < 3 2.219 RMSEA < 0.1 0.046 GFI > 0.8 0.909 AGFI > 0.8 0.885 CFI > 0.9 0.969 IFI > 0.9 0.969 NFI > 0.9 0.943 SRMR < 0.05 0.005 8 表 7 初始模型检验结果
Table 7. Initial model test results
路径关系 Estimate S.E. C.R. P值 成立与否 信任→感知易用性 0.784 0.044 16.360 *** H1成立 感知易用性→感知有用性 1.079 0.073 15.654 *** H2成立 感知风险→感知有用性 -0.094 0.017 -3.254 ** H3成立 感知有用性→态度 0.456 0.052 5.863 *** H4成立 感知易用性→态度 0.266 0.053 3.538 *** H5成立 感知易用性→行为意图 0.143 0.052 2.633 ** H6成立 态度→行为意图 0.294 0.064 6.163 *** H7成立 技术刺激→行为意图 0.290 0.025 8.467 *** H8成立 信任→行为意图 0.220 0.053 3.678 *** H9成立 治理期望→行为意图 0.210 0.034 6.703 *** H10成立 注:***表示P值< 0.001,**表示P值< 0.01,*表示P值< 0.1。 -
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