State-of-the-art and Prospect of Technical Standards for the Ships Powered by Hydrogen Fuel Cells
-
摘要: 随着全球能源与环境问题的日益突出，节能减排已成为各国共识。船舶航运业能耗与排放问题不容小觑，因此迫切需要应用清洁能源技术以实现航运业绿色低碳/零碳化发展。氢燃料电池动力船舶的发展，为航运业实现节能减排的目标带来了契机。目前，包括中国在内的多个国家正在积极推动氢燃料电池动力船舶的研究和示范应用，其中，完备的技术标准是相关产业发展的重要基础。然而，一方面，国内外船用氢能技术与法律规范体系尚未形成、标准系统分支不健全且核心标准缺失；另一方面，较为完善的车用氢能产业标准内容由于车船产业技术的固有差异并不完全适用于船舶体系等问题仍需解决。因此，基于氢燃料电池动力船舶的技术路线及产业链发展，系统梳理了氢燃料电池动力船舶的技术结构与国内外项目发展现状，分析了船级社氢燃料及氢燃料电池技术法规现状，调研统计、分类归纳、综合分析了国内外现行氢能标准；构建了以氢燃料电池动力船舶应用为主且涵盖了氢能制备、储运、加注等产业链环节的绿色航运体系；在绿色航运体系的框架下，对比了氢燃料电池动力车船的产业技术，结果发现氢燃料电池动力车船在应用场景、功率、储氢、加注设施等方面存在差异，在使用寿命、启动工况、空间要求、安装方式、通风和气密要求等方面也有明显异同。在此基础上，以氢燃料电池动力船舶标准体系构建、参考车用氢能标准的适用性、氢燃料电池动力船舶产业链核心标准专项制定、氢燃料电池动力船舶技术的安全性法规标准制订为主线，形成针对绿色航运体系下氢燃料电池动力船舶产业技术规范、认证和产品标准的发展框架与发展方向。Abstract: With the increasing global concerns over energy and environmental issues, energy conservation and emission reduction have become a consensus among countries. There is an urgent need for the global shipping industry to stick to a green, low-carbon/zero-carbon development path, due to its considerable energy consumption and emissions. The development of ships powered by hydrogen fuel cells provides an opportunity for the shipping industry to achieve relevant targets for energy conservation and emission reduction. There are active research, promotions and demonstrations of ships powered by hydrogen fuel cells in China and many other countries, among which technical standards are an important foundation for the development of this particular technology. However, on one hand, the relevant domestic and foreign hydrogen energy technologies for marine applications and regulatory frameworks have yet to be developed. The corresponding standard systems are also incomplete with the lack of core standards. On the other hand, the standards from the automotive hydrogen energy industry, which are relatively more comprehensive, are not applicable to the maritime system, due to the inherent technical differences between the automotive and maritime industries. Therefore, based on the technological roadmap and CHAIN OF INDUSTRIALIZATION of ships powered by hydrogen fuel cells, this study systematically reviews the technical structure and the status quo of domestic and foreign projects and analyzes technical regulations of the hydrogen fuel and hydrogen fuel cell from Classification Society. The domestic and foreign hydrogen standards and regulations are also studied, classified, and systematically analyzed. Furthermore, a green shipping framework is developed, which mainly focuses on the application of ships powered by hydrogen fuel cells and covers the production chain of hydrogen production, storage, transportation, and refueling. Within the framework of the proposed green shipping system, technologies of vehicles and ships powered by hydrogen fuel cells are compared. Study results show that there are differences in the application settings, power, hydrogen storage, and refueling facilities, as well as significant similarities and differences in service life, starting conditions, space requirements, installation methods, ventilation, and airtightness requirements. Based on these findings, this study focuses on developing a standard system for ships powered by hydrogen fuel cells, referencing the applicability of hydrogen energy standards for road vehicles, developing the core standards for the chain of industrialization of ships powered by hydrogen fuel cells, and formulating safety regulations and standards for such ships. The paper aims to develop theframework and directions for technical specifications, certification, and product standards for the industry of ships powered by hydrogen fuel cells, specifically tailored to the green shipping system.
-
图 1 国际海运温室气体减排战略示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of IMO's initial strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ships
图 4 国内外船级社氢燃料电池船舶法规
Figure 4. Regulations of domestic and foreign classification societies for hydrogen fuel cell ships
图 5 ISO氢能标准体系产业链各环节标准分布
Figure 5. ISO hydrogen standard system of the industrial chain of each link standard distribution
图 6 部分适用于氢燃料电池船舶的相关国际标准
Figure 6. Partially applicable to international standards related to hydrogen fuel cell ships
图 7 中国氢能标准体系各子体系标准分布
Figure 7. Standard distribution of each sub-system of China hydrogen energy standard system
图 8 中国氢能标准体系各子体系部分标准内容
Figure 8. Part of the standard contents of each sub-system of China Hydrogen standard system
图 9 部分氢能国家标准及其参考的国际标准
Figure 9. List of national standards for partial hydrogen energy and their reference international standards
图 11 氢燃料电池船舶标准发展方向框架
Figure 11. Hydrogen fuel cell ship standard development direction framework
表 1 高压气态与低温液态储氢方式特点
Table 1. Characteristics of high pressure gaseous and low temperature liquid hydrogen storage
项目 高压气态储氢 低温液态储氢 优点 技术成熟、结构简单，充装速度快，成本及能耗低 储氢体积容量较高，适用于大规模、长距离氢储运，运输方便，安全性较高 缺点 储氢体积容量比低，储氢规模小，安全性较差 技术不成熟，成本较高，能耗较大 应用领域 高压储氢罐，目前主要氢储运方式，多用于氢燃料电池 多用于航空航天领域，少部分民用 
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 氢燃料电池车船产业技术差异
Table 3. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle and ship industry technology difference
项目 车用燃料电池 船用燃料电池 功率及工况 100 kW，输出可存在波动 ≥100 kW，输出稳定 应用环境 陆地道路 内河/湖泊/海洋 储氢要求 高压储罐储氢 更高能量密度储氢 氢加注设施 初具规模 尚无专用设施 空间要求 空间紧凑，便于安置 空间宽阔，便于维修 安装方式 追求与车体的耦合 追求独立性，多为柜式安装 通风和气密要求 敞开式，要求相对较低 系统全密闭/半密闭，高标准
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] International Maritime Organization (IMO). Fourth IMOgreenhouse gas study 2020-final report note by the secretariat[R]. London: International Maritime Organization, 2020. [2] International Maritime Organization(IMO). The IMO's initial greenhouse gas strategy[R]. London: International Maritime Organization's Marine Environment Protection Committee(MEPC), 2018. [3] 李晓易, 谭晓雨, 吴睿, 等. 交通运输领域碳达峰、碳中和路径研究[J]. 中国工程科学, 2021, 23(06): 15-21. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GCKX202106002.htmLI X Y, TAN X Y, WU R, et al. Research on carbon peak andcarbon neutral path in transportation field[J]. Strategic Studyof CAE, 2021, 23(06): 15-21. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GCKX202106002.htm [4] 李建林, 李光辉, 马速良, 等. 碳中和目标下制氢关键技术进展及发展前景综述[J]. 热力发电, 2021, 50(6): 1-8. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-RLFD202106001.htmLI J L, LI G H, MA S L, et al. Overview of the progress anddevelopment prospects of key technologies for hydrogen production under the goal of carbon neutrality[J]. Thermal PowerGeneration, 2021, 50(6): 1-8. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-RLFD202106001.htm [5] 于全虎, 孟德臣, 张化英. 平原流域内河标准船型应用LNG动力技术分析[J]. 天然气与石油, 2018(1): 35-42. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRYS201801009.htmYU Q H, MENG D C, ZHANG H Y. Analysis on LNG powertechnology applied to standardized ship in plain basin[J]. Natural Gas and Oil, 2018(1): 35-42. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRYS201801009.htm [6] 中国船级社. 船舶应用替代燃料指南[Z]. 中国船级社, 2017.China Classification Society(CCS). Guidelines for ships using alternative fuels[Z]. China: ChinaClassification Society, 2017. (in Chinese) [7] 范爱龙, 贺亚鹏, 严新平, 等. 智能新能源船舶的概念及关键技术[J]. 船舶工程, 2020, 42(3): 9-14. doi: 10.13788/j.cnki.cbgc.2020.03.02FAN A L, HE Y P, YAN X P, et al. Concept and key technologiesof intelligent new energy ship[J]. Ship Engineering, 2020, 42(3): 9-14. (in Chinese) doi: 10.13788/j.cnki.cbgc.2020.03.02 [8] 童亮, 袁裕鹏, 李骁, 等. 我国氢动力船舶创新发展研究[J]. 中国工程科学, 2022, 24(3): 127-139. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GCKX202203014.htmTONG L, YUAN Y P, LI X, et al. Innovative developmentalof hydrogen-powered ships in China[J]. Strategic Study ofCAE, 2022, 24(3): 127-139. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GCKX202203014.htm [9] 伍赛特. 燃料电池应用于船舶动力装置的可行性及展望[J]. 内燃机与动力装置, 2018, 35(4): 87-90, 94. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SDNR201804015.htmWU S T. Feasibility and prospect of fuel cell application inmarine power plant[J]. I. C. E & Power Plant, 2018, 35(4): 87-90, 94. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SDNR201804015.htm [10] 温术来. 燃料电池的研究现状及进展[J]. 现代化工, 2019(7): 1-6. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XDHG201907014.htmWEN S L. Research status and progress of fuel cell[J]. Modern Chemical Industry, 2019(7): 1-6. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XDHG201907014.htm [11] HART D, LEHNER F, JONES S, et al. The fuel cell industryreview 2018[R]. E4 Tech: Technical Report, 2018. [12] 王珺, 王甫, 袁金良, 等. 游船用氢燃料电池和储能电池的优化配置[J]. 电源技术, 2021, 45(3): 330-334. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DYJS202103017.htmWANG J, WANG F, YUAN J L, et al. Optimized configuration of hydrogen fuel cells and energy storage batteries forcruise ships[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2021, 45(3): 330-334. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DYJS202103017.htm [13] 中国汽车工程学会. 世界氢能与燃料电池汽车产业发展报告(2019)[R]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2019.China society of automotive engineering. Annual report onglobal hydrogen fuel cell vehicle(2019)[R]. Beijing: ChinaMachine Press, 2019. (in Chinese) [14] 李勇. 船舶氢燃料电池应用研究[J]. 内燃机与配件, 2021(21): 238-239. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NRPJ202121113.htmLI Y. Application of marine hydrogen fuel cell[J]. InternalCombustion Engine & Parts, 2021(21): 238-239. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NRPJ202121113.htm [15] STARK C, XU Y, ZHANG M, et al. Study on applicabilityof energy-saving devices to hydrogen fuel cell-poweredships[J]. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2022, 10(3): 388. [16] 国家电投集团氢能产业创新中心. 氢能百问[M]. 北京: 中国电力出版社, 2022.Hydrogen energy industry innovation center of state powerinvestment corporation limited. Questions about hydrogenenergy[M]. Beijing: China Electric Power Press, 2022. [17] 刘易明, 王甫, 王珺, 等. 燃料电池船舶应用形式及其关键技术[J]. 船舶工程, 2021, 43(3): 18-26, 33. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CANB202103004.htmLIU Y M, WANG F, WANG J, et al. Application form andits key technology of fuel cell ship[J]. Ship Engineering, 2021, 43(3): 18-26, 33. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CANB202103004.htm [18] 黄琛, 陈德山, 严新平, 等. 船舶航行交通事件实时检测研究现状与展望[J]. 交通信息与安全, 2022, 40(6): 1-11. doi: 10.3963/j.jssn.1674-4861.2022.06.001HUANG C, CHEN D S, YAN X P, et al. Real-time detectionof ship navigation traffic events: a review and prospect[J]. Journal of Transport Information and Safety, 2022, 40(6): 1-11. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3963/j.jssn.1674-4861.2022.06.001 [19] 朱曼, 文元桥, 孙吴强, 等. 船舶运动模型参数辨识研究综述[J]. 交通信息与安全, 2022, 40(5): 1-11, 155. doi: 10.3963/j.jssn.1674-4861.2022.05.001ZHU M, WEN Y Q, SUN W Q, et al. A review of parameter identification methods for ship dynamic models[J]. Journalof Transport Information and Safety, 2022, 40(5): 1-11, 155. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3963/j.jssn.1674-4861.2022.05.001 [20] 彭元亭, 徐增师. 船用氢燃料电池推进技术发展研究[J]. 中国工程科学, 2019, 21(6): 18-21. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GCKX201906004.htmPENG Y T, XU Z S. Development of hydrogen fuel cell propulsion technology for ships[J]. Strategic Study of CAE, 2019, 21(6): 18-21. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GCKX201906004.htm [21] DE J J, ALVAREZ C, FERNANDEZ C, et al. Analyzing thepossibilities of using fuel cells in ships[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(4): 2853-2866. [22] 于全虎. 氢能和燃料电池及其船舶应用进展[J]. 船舶, 2020, 31(5): 69-76. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CBZZ202005013.htmYU Q H. Hydrogen, fuel cells and their application onship[J]. Ship & Boat, 2020, 31(5): 69-76. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CBZZ202005013.htm [23] American Bureau of Shipping. Sustainability whitepaper: Hydrogen as marine fuel[R]. Spring: American Bureau of Shipping, 2021. [24] 马宇坤, 张勤杰, 赵俊杰. 船舶行业"氢"装上阵之路有多远[J]. 船舶物资与市场, 2019(3): 14-16. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CBWZ201903011.htmMA Y K, ZHANG Q J, ZHAO J J. How far is the way of "hydrogen" loading in shipping industry[J]. Marine Equipment/Materials & Marketing, 2019(3): 14-16. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CBWZ201903011.htm [25] 符冠云, 赵吉诗, 龚娟, 等. 2019年国内外氢能发展形势回顾及展望[J]. 中国能源, 2020, 42(3): 30-33. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGLN202003007.htmFU G Y, ZHAO J S, GONG J, et al. Review and prospect ofhydrogen energy development at home and abroad in2019[J]. Energy of China, 2020, 42(3): 30-33. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGLN202003007.htm [26] 华俊杰, 申满对. 车用氢能产业安全设计标准研究[J]. 炼油技术与工程, 2021, 51(11): 61-64. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-LYSZ202111020.htmHUA J J, SHEN M D. Study on safety design standard ofautomotive hydrogen energy industry[J]. Petroleum RefineryEngineering, 2021, 51(11): 61-64. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-LYSZ202111020.htm [27] 胡杰鑫, 孙耀刚, 穆天杨, et al. 船用氢燃料动力标准研究[J]. 船舶标准化与质量, 2021(4): 2-7, 12. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CBZL202104001.htmHU J X, SUN Y G, MU T Y, et al. Research on marine hydrogen fuel power standard[J]. Shipbuilding Standardization & Quality, 2021(4): 2-7, 12. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CBZL202104001.htm [28] 彭元亭, 李红享, 王振. 船用燃料电池技术应用现状与发展前景[J]. 船电技术, 2022, 42(6): 41-44. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CDJI202206011.htmPENG Y T, LI H X, WANG Z. Application situation and development prospect of marine fuel cell[J]. Marine Electric & Electronic Engineering, 2022, 42(6): 41-44. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CDJI202206011.htm [29] International Maritime Organization (IMO). Internationalcode for ships using gases or other low-flashpoint fuels[Z]. Britain: Maritime Safety Committee, 2017. [30] Det Norske Veritas(DNV). Fuel cell installations[Z]. Norway: DET Norske Veritas, 2021. [31] American Bureau of Shipping(ABS). Fuel cell power systems for marine and offshore applications[Z]. USA: American Bureau of Shipping, 2019. [32] 行业标准信息服务平台[DB/OL].（2022-02-23）[2022-07-12]. https：//hbba.sacinfo.org.cn/. Industry standard information service platform [DB/OL]. （2022-02-23）[2022-07-12].https：//hbba.sacinfo.org.cn/ （in Chinese）[33] 国际标准公共服务平台[DB/OL].（2022-02-23）[2022-07-12]. https：//std.samr.gov.cn/gj. National standard information public service platform[DB/ OL].（2022-02-23）[2022-07-12].https：//std.samr.gov.cn/ gj （in Chinese）[34] TRONSTAD T, ASTRAND H, HAUGOM G, et al. Study onthe use of fuel cells in shipping[M]. Lisbon: European Maritime Safety Agency, 2018. [35] 彭苏萍. 中国氢能源与燃料电池发展战略及未来展望[J]. 中国工业和信息化, 2023, 56(4): 36-41. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GYPL202304010.htmPENG S P. Development strategy and future prospect of hydrogen energy and fuel cell in China[J]. China Industry andInformation Technology, 2023, 56(4): 36-41. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GYPL202304010.htm [36] 杨智, 刘丽红, 李江. 氢能源产业技术标准化发展现况[J]. 船舶工程, 2020, 42(增刊1): 39-49, 419. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CANB2020S1010.htmYANG Z, LIU L H, LI J. Current status of technology standardization in hydrogen energy industry[J]. Ship Engineering, 2020, 42(S1): 39-49, 419. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CANB2020S1010.htm [37] 全国标准信息公共服务平台[DB/OL]. (2022-01-18)[2022-07-12]. http://std. samr. gov. cn/gb.National standard information public service platform[DB/OL].(2022-01-18)[2022-07-12]. http://std. samr. gov. cn/gb.(in Chinese) [38] 王晓兵, 张妍懿, 郝冬, 等. 国外主要氢能与燃料电池汽车相关标准简析[J]. 中国标准化, 2021(6): 128-133. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGBZ202106034.htmWANG X B, ZHANG Y Y, HAO D, et al. Brief introductionof foreign standards on hydrogen and fuel cell vehicles[J]. China Standardization, 2021(6): 128-133. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGBZ202106034.htm [39] 中国汽车工程学会. 世界氢能与燃料电池汽车产业发展报告(2021)[R]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2021.China-SAE. Annual report on global hydrogen fuel cell vehicle(2021)[R]. Beijing: China Machine Press, 2021. (in Chinese) [40] 胡杰鑫, 王琮, 杨玉婷, 等. 船用氢能标准发展现状与展望[J]. 船舶标准化与质量, 2021(3): 2-7. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CBZL202103001.htmHU J X, WANG C, YANG Y T, et al. Development statusand prospect of marine hydrogen energy standard[J]. Shipbuilding Standardization & Quality, 2021(3): 2-7. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CBZL202103001.htm [41] 黄河, 徐文珊, 李明敏. 氢燃料电池船舶动力的发展与展望[J]. 广东造船, 2021, 40(4): 28-30, 74. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GDCC202104009.htmHUANG H, XU W S, LI M M. Development and applicationof hydrogen fuel cell as ship power[J]. Guangdong Shipbuilding, 2021, 40(4): 28-30, 74. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GDCC202104009.htm -
点击查看大图
图(11) / 表(3)
计量
- 文章访问数: 593
- HTML全文浏览量: 177
- PDF下载量: 66
- 被引次数: 0