Application of Comparative Safety Methods in Civil Aviation Safety Management Models
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摘要:
探索民航安全管理中模型的引用发展，基于比较安全学方法，对比分析ICAO安全管理手册中SHELL模型和REASON模型。根据比较安全学的研究模式，构建了2个模型基于时间维、知识维和空间维的三维比较研究模式；从时间维角度，比较分析2个模型的开发思路和评价侧重点；从知识维角度，对比分析2个模型在组成要素和功能作用上的不同；从空间维角度，对2个模型的适用范围进行了比较。研究结果表明，2个模型在民航安全管理的应用领域和价值有相似性，但在风险致因分析侧重点、分析路径、分析范畴等方面存在差异。在不同安全管理需求方面2个模型存在各自的优势，因此在今后的模型应用以及新模型的开发可借鉴2个模型的优点。
Abstract:The work, based on the method of comparative security, compares the SHELL model and REASON model in ICAO safety management manual to study the references development of models in civil aviation safety management. On the premise of the research mode of comparative security, two three-dimensional comparative models based on the time dimension, knowledge dimension, and space dimension are constructed. From the perspective of time dimension, the work mainly compares the development ideas and evaluation emphases of the two models. The differences between the two models in components and functions are analyzed from the knowledge dimension. Through the application field of the spatial dimension, the scope of application of the two models is the research focus. In conclusion, both models have similar application fields and values in civil aviation safety management, but there are differences in the emphasis of risk analysis, path analysis, and scope analysis. In terms of different requirements of security management, the two models have different advantages. Therefore, the further application of the model and the development of new models can draw on the advantages of the two models.
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图 1 SHELL模型与RESON模型的比较研究过程与模式
Figure 1. Comparative study process and pattern of the SHELL and REASON models
表 1 符合民航业的比较安全学分支
Table 1. The branch of comparative safety in line with the civil aviation industry
类别 分支 科学理论 比较安全文化学、比较安全社会学、比较安全法学、比较安全规划学、比较安全经济学、比较安全心理学、比较安全行为学、比较安全生理学、比较安全系统学、比较安全管理学、比较安全环境学、比较安全设备工程学、比较安全工程学 灾害 水文气象灾害比较学、交通运输事故比较学 管理类别与对象 安全系统管理比较学、安全监察比较学、工程安全管理比较学、民航安全管理比较学、作业环境管理比较学、职业卫生管理比较学 工程 防灾工程比较、减灾工程比较、安全信息工程比较、安全设备工程比较、防火安全工程比较、电气安全工程比较、机械安全工程比较、交通安全工程比较、职业卫生工程比较、安全救护比较 
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表 2 SHELL和REASON安全管理评价内容
Table 2. Safety management evaluation content of SHELL and REASON models
模型 评价因子 评价问题 评价内容 SHELL模型 L-H（人与设备、机器和设备的物理属性之间的关系） 二者之间是否以合乎逻辑和直观地运作 1）操作设备方面 2）信息显示方面 3）装置用户控制方面 L-S（人与工作场所中的各种支持系统之间的关系） 二者之间是否遵循和理解过程与程序的容易程度 1）规章、手册、标准操作程序（SOP）等与计算机软件之间的关系 2）涉及如准确性、清晰度等“方便用户”问题 L-L（人与人之间的关系与互动） 二者之间是否有较好的互动性 1）考虑沟通和人际交往技巧以及团队活力在决定人员绩效方面的重 2）考虑组织机构在机组资源管理中的团队绩效 3）考虑工作者与管理者之间的关系以及组织机构文化 L-E（人与物理环境之间的关系） 二者之间影响与反影响的关系 1）民航工作环境对人的正常生活节律的影响 2）民航系统因受政治和经济等制约对环境的反影响 REASON模型 工作场所状况 确定直接影响民航工作场所人员效率的各种因素 1）职工人数的稳定性 2）资质和经验 3）精神面貌 4）管理可信度 5）以及其他人因工程学因素 潜在状况 总结最初未被视为有害的，而在实际运行层面又显现出来的因素 1）设备选择或程序设计 2）安全文化 3）冲突的组织机构目标 4）有缺陷的组织制度或管理决策 主动失误 识别可立即产生负面影响的行为或不作为等因素 1）基于正常差错的结果 2）源自对各种规定程序和做法的偏差 防护机制 控制潜在状况以及人行为能力过失等 基于技术、培训和规章的强化现有机制或建立新的机制
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